在前面的章节中,我们已经了解了如何在XY平面上绘制2D形状.除了这些2D形状,我们还可以使用JavaFX绘制其他几个3D形状.
3D形状
一般来说,3D形状是可以在XYZ平面上绘制的几何图形.这些包括 Cylinder,Sphere 和 Box .
上述每个3D形状都由一个类表示,所有这些类属于包 javafx.scene.shape .名为 Shape3D 的类是JavaFX中所有三维形状的基类.
创建3D形状
要创建三维形状,您需要 :
实例化所需3D形状的相应类.
设置3D形状的属性.
将3D形状对象添加到小组.
实例化各个类
要创建三维形状,请先您需要实例化其各自的类.例如,如果要创建3D框,则需要实例化名为Box的类,如下所示;
Box box = new Box ();
设置形状的属性
实例化类后,需要使用形状设置属性setter方法.
例如,要绘制3D框,您需要传递其宽度,高度,深度.您可以使用各自的setter方法指定这些值,如下所示 :
//设置Box的属性 box.setWidth (200.0); box.setHeight(400.0); box.setDepth(200.0);
将形状对象添加到组
最后,您需要将形状对象添加到组中通过将其作为构造函数的参数传递,如下所示.
//Creating a Group object Group root = new Group(box);
下表给出了JavaFX提供的各种3D形状的列表.
S.No | 形状和放大器;描述 |
---|---|
1 | Box 长方体是三维形状,长度 (深度),宽度和高度. 在JavaFX中,三维框由名为 通过实例化此类,您可以在JavaFX中创建一个Box节点. 这个类有3个double数据类型的属性,即 :
|
2 | Cylinder 圆柱体是一个封闭的实体,有两个平行的(大部分是圆形的)基座,由曲面连接. 它由两个参数描述,即半径其圆形底座和圆柱体的高度. 在JavaFX中,圆柱体由名为 Cylinder .此类属于包 javafx.scene.shape . 通过实例化此类,您可以在JavaFX中创建柱面节点.此类具有double数据类型的2个属性,即 :
|
3 | Sphere 球体定义为距离3D空间中给定点的距离r相同的点集.此距离r是球体的半径,给定点是球体的中心. 在JavaFX中,球体由名为球体的类表示.此类属于包 javafx.scene.shape . 通过实例化此类,您可以在JavaFX中创建一个球体节点. 此类具有double数据类型的名为 radius 的属性.它代表球体的半径. |
3D物体的属性
对于所有3维对象,您可以设置各种属性,如剔脸,绘图模式,材质.
以下部分讨论3D对象的属性.
剔除面
通常,剔除是去除形状中不正确定向的部分(在视图区域中不可见)./p>
Cull Face属性的类型为 CullFace ,它代表3D形状的剔除面.您可以使用方法 setCullFace()设置形状的剔除面,如下所示 :
box.setCullFace(CullFace.NONE);
形状的笔划类型可以是 :
无 : 没有进行剔除(CullFace.NONE).
前面 : 所有正面饰面都被剔除. (CullFace.FRONT).
返回 : 所有背面多边形都被剔除. (StrokeType.BACK).
默认情况下,三维形状的剔除面是后退.
示例
以下程序是演示球体各种剔除面的示例.将此代码保存在名为 SphereCullFace.java 的文件中.
import javafx.application.Application; import javafx.scene.Group; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.scene.shape.CullFace; import javafx.stage.Stage; import javafx.scene.shape.Sphere; public class SphereCullFace extends Application { @Override public void start(Stage stage) { //Drawing Sphere1 Sphere sphere1 = new Sphere(); //Setting the radius of the Sphere sphere1.setRadius(50.0); //Setting the position of the sphere sphere1.setTranslateX(100); sphere1.setTranslateY(150); //setting the cull face of the sphere to front sphere1.setCullFace(CullFace.FRONT); //Drawing Sphere2 Sphere sphere2 = new Sphere(); //Setting the radius of the Sphere sphere2.setRadius(50.0); //Setting the position of the sphere sphere2.setTranslateX(300); sphere2.setTranslateY(150); //Setting the cull face of the sphere to back sphere2.setCullFace(CullFace.BACK); //Drawing Sphere3 Sphere sphere3 = new Sphere(); //Setting the radius of the Sphere sphere3.setRadius(50.0); //Setting the position of the sphere sphere3.setTranslateX(500); sphere3.setTranslateY(150); //Setting the cull face of the sphere to none sphere2.setCullFace(CullFace.NONE); //Creating a Group object Group root = new Group(sphere1, sphere2, sphere3); //Creating a scene object Scene scene = new Scene(root, 600, 300); //Setting title to the Stage stage.setTitle("Drawing a Sphere"); //Adding scene to the stage stage.setScene(scene); //Displaying the contents of the stage stage.show(); } public static void main(String args[]){ launch(args); } }
使用以下命令从命令提示符编译并执行保存的Java文件.
javac SphereCullFace.java java SphereCullFace
执行时,上述程序生成一个JavaFX窗口,分别显示三个具有剔除面值 FRONT,BACK 和 NONE 的球体,如下所示;
绘图模式
属性属于 DrawMode 并且它表示用于绘制当前3D形状的绘图模式.您可以选择绘制模式使用方法setDrawMode()绘制3D形状,如下所示 :
box.setDrawMode(DrawMode.FILL) ;
在JavaFX中,您可以选择两种绘制模式来绘制3D形状,这是 :
填写 : 此模式绘制并填充2D形状(DrawMode.FILL).
行 : 此模式使用线条绘制3D形状(DrawMode.LINE).
默认情况下,3Dimensional形状的绘制模式为fill.
示例
以下程序演示了3D框的各种绘制模式.将此代码保存在名为 BoxDrawMode.java 的文件中.
import javafx.application.Application; import javafx.scene.Group; import javafx.scene.PerspectiveCamera; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.scene.shape.Box; import javafx.scene.shape.DrawMode; import javafx.stage.Stage; public class BoxDrawMode extends Application { @Override public void start(Stage stage) { //Drawing a Box Box box1 = new Box(); //Setting the properties of the Box box1.setWidth(100.0); box1.setHeight(100.0); box1.setDepth(100.0); //Setting the position of the box box1.setTranslateX(200); box1.setTranslateY(150); box1.setTranslateZ(0); //Setting the drawing mode of the box box1.setDrawMode(DrawMode.LINE); //Drawing a Box Box box2 = new Box(); //Setting the properties of the Box box2.setWidth(100.0); box2.setHeight(100.0); box2.setDepth(100.0); //Setting the position of the box box2.setTranslateX(450); //450 box2.setTranslateY(150);//150 box2.setTranslateZ(300); //Setting the drawing mode of the box box2.setDrawMode(DrawMode.FILL); //Creating a Group object Group root = new Group(box1, box2); //Creating a scene object Scene scene = new Scene(root, 600, 300); //Setting camera PerspectiveCamera camera = new PerspectiveCamera(false); camera.setTranslateX(0); camera.setTranslateY(0); camera.setTranslateZ(0); scene.setCamera(camera); //Setting title to the Stage stage.setTitle("Drawing a Box"); //Adding scene to the stage stage.setScene(scene); //Displaying the contents of the stage stage.show(); } public static void main(String args[]){ launch(args); } }
使用以下命令从命令提示符编译并执行保存的java文件.
javac BoxDrawMode.java java BoxDrawMode
执行时,上述程序生成一个JavaFX窗口,分别显示两个带有绘图模式值LINE和FILL的框,如下所示;
材料
剔除Face属性属于材质,它用于选择材质的表面3D形状.您可以使用方法 setCullFace()设置3D形状的材质,如下所示 :
cylinder.setMaterial(material);
如上所述,此方法需要传递Material类型的对象.软件包 javafx.scene.paint 的 PhongMaterial 类是此类的子类,它提供了7个表示Phong着色材质的属性.您可以使用这些属性的setter方法将所有这些类型的材质应用于3D形状的表面.
以下是JavaFX中可用的材料类型 :
bumpMap : 这表示存储为RGB图像的法线贴图.
diffuseMap : 这表示漫反射贴图.
selfIlluminationMap : 这代表了这个PhongMaterial的自发光地图.
specularMap : 这代表了这个PhongMaterial的镜面地图.
diffuseColor : 这表示此PhongMaterial的漫反射颜色.
specularColor : 这代表了这个PhongMaterial的镜面颜色.
specularPower : 这代表了这个PhongMaterial的镜面反射力.
默认情况下,三维形状的材质是具有漫反射颜色的PhongMaterial浅灰色.
示例
以下示例显示了圆柱体上的各种材料.将此代码保存在名为 CylinderMaterials.java 的文件中.
import javafx.application.Application; import javafx.scene.Group; import javafx.scene.PerspectiveCamera; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.scene.image.Image; import javafx.scene.paint.Color; import javafx.scene.paint.PhongMaterial; import javafx.scene.shape.Cylinder; import javafx.stage.Stage;public class CylinderMaterials extends Application { @Override public void start(Stage stage) { //Drawing Cylinder1 Cylinder cylinder1 = new Cylinder(); //Setting the properties of the Cylinder cylinder1.setHeight(130.0f); cylinder1.setRadius(30.0f); //Setting the position of the Cylinder cylinder1.setTranslateX(100); cylinder1.setTranslateY(75); //Preparing the phong material of type bump map PhongMaterial material1 = new PhongMaterial(); material1.setBumpMap(new Image ("http://www.IT屋.com/images/tplogo.gif")); //Setting the bump map material to Cylinder1 cylinder1.setMaterial(material1); //Drawing Cylinder2 Cylinder cylinder2 = new Cylinder(); //Setting the properties of the Cylinder cylinder2.setHeight(130.0f); cylinder2.setRadius(30.0f); //Setting the position of the Cylinder cylinder2.setTranslateX(200); cylinder2.setTranslateY(75); //Preparing the phong material of type diffuse map PhongMaterial material2 = new PhongMaterial(); material2.setDiffuseMap(new Image ("http://www.IT屋.com/images/tp-logo.gif")); //Setting the diffuse map material to Cylinder2 cylinder2.setMaterial(material2); //Drawing Cylinder3 Cylinder cylinder3 = new Cylinder(); //Setting the properties of the Cylinder cylinder3.setHeight(130.0f); cylinder3.setRadius(30.0f); //Setting the position of the Cylinder cylinder3.setTranslateX(300); cylinder3.setTranslateY(75); //Preparing the phong material of type Self Illumination Map PhongMaterial material3 = new PhongMaterial(); material3.setSelfIlluminationMap(new Image ("http://www.IT屋.com/images/tp-logo.gif")); //Setting the Self Illumination Map material to Cylinder3 cylinder3.setMaterial(material3); //Drawing Cylinder4 Cylinder cylinder4 = new Cylinder(); //Setting the properties of the Cylinder cylinder4.setHeight(130.0f); cylinder4.setRadius(30.0f); //Setting the position of the Cylinder cylinder4.setTranslateX(400); cylinder4.setTranslateY(75); //Preparing the phong material of type Specular Map PhongMaterial material4 = new PhongMaterial(); material4.setSpecularMap(new Image ("http://www.IT屋.com/images/tp-logo.gif")); //Setting the Specular Map material to Cylinder4 cylinder4.setMaterial(material4); //Drawing Cylinder5 Cylinder cylinder5 = new Cylinder(); //Setting the properties of the Cylinder cylinder5.setHeight(130.0f); cylinder5.setRadius(30.0f); //Setting the position of the Cylinder cylinder5.setTranslateX(100); cylinder5.setTranslateY(300); //Preparing the phong material of type diffuse color PhongMaterial material5 = new PhongMaterial(); material5.setDiffuseColor(Color.BLANCHEDALMOND); //Setting the diffuse color material to Cylinder5 cylinder5.setMaterial(material5); //Drawing Cylinder6 Cylinder cylinder6 = new Cylinder(); //Setting the properties of the Cylinder cylinder6.setHeight(130.0f); cylinder6.setRadius(30.0f); //Setting the position of the Cylinder cylinder6.setTranslateX(200); cylinder6.setTranslateY(300); //Preparing the phong material of type specular color PhongMaterial material6 = new PhongMaterial(); //setting the specular color map to the material material6.setSpecularColor(Color.BLANCHEDALMOND); //Setting the specular color material to Cylinder6 cylinder6.setMaterial(material6); //Drawing Cylinder7 Cylinder cylinder7 = new Cylinder(); //Setting the properties of the Cylinder cylinder7.setHeight(130.0f); cylinder7.setRadius(30.0f); //Setting the position of the Cylinder cylinder7.setTranslateX(300); cylinder7.setTranslateY(300); //Preparing the phong material of type Specular Power PhongMaterial material7 = new PhongMaterial(); material7.setSpecularPower(0.1); //Setting the Specular Power material to the Cylinder cylinder7.setMaterial(material7); //Creating a Group object Group root = new Group(cylinder1 ,cylinder2, cylinder3, cylinder4, cylinder5, cylinder6, cylinder7); //Creating a scene object Scene scene = new Scene(root, 600, 400); //Setting camera PerspectiveCamera camera = new PerspectiveCamera(false); camera.setTranslateX(0); camera.setTranslateY(0); camera.setTranslateZ(-10); scene.setCamera(camera); //Setting title to the Stage stage.setTitle("Drawing a cylinder"); //Adding scene to the stage stage.setScene(scene); //Displaying the contents of the stage stage.show(); } public static void main(String args[]){ launch(args); } }
使用以下命令从命令提示符编译并执行保存的java文件.
Javac CylinderMaterials.java java CylinderMaterials
执行时,上述程序生成一个JavaFX窗口,分别显示7个圆柱体,包括材质,凹凸贴图,漫反射贴图,自发光贴图,高光贴图,漫反射颜色,镜面反射颜色,(BLANCHEDALMOND)镜面反射功率,如下面的截图 :