数据框是一个表或二维数组结构,其中每列包含一个变量的值,每行包含每列中的一组值.
以下是数据框的特征.
列名称应为非空.
行名称应该是唯一的.
存储在数据框中的数据可以是数字,因子或字符类型.
每列应包含相同数量的数据项.
创建数据框
# Create the data frame.emp.data <- data.frame( emp_id = c (1:5), emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"), salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11", "2015-03-27")), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)# Print the data frame.print(emp.data)
当我们执行上面的代码时,它产生以下结果 :
emp_id emp_name salary start_date1 1 Rick 623.30 2012-01-012 2 Dan 515.20 2013-09-233 3 Michelle 611.00 2014-11-154 4 Ryan 729.00 2014-05-115 5 Gary 843.25 2015-03-27
获取数据框的结构
使用 str()函数可以看到数据框的结构.
# Create the data frame.emp.data <- data.frame( emp_id = c (1:5), emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"), salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11", "2015-03-27")), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)# Get the structure of the data frame.str(emp.data)
当我们执行上面的代码时,它产生以下结果 :
'data.frame': 5 obs. of 4 variables: $ emp_id : int 1 2 3 4 5 $ emp_name : chr "Rick" "Dan" "Michelle" "Ryan" ... $ salary : num 623 515 611 729 843 $ start_date: Date, format: "2012-01-01" "2013-09-23" "2014-11-15" "2014-05-11" ...
数据框中的数据摘要
通过应用 summary()
# Create the data frame.emp.data <- data.frame( emp_id = c (1:5), emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"), salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11", "2015-03-27")), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)# Print the summary.print(summary(emp.data))
当我们执行上面的代码时,它产生以下结果 :
emp_id emp_name salary start_date Min. :1 Length:5 Min. :515.2 Min. :2012-01-01 1st Qu.:2 Class :character 1st Qu.:611.0 1st Qu.:2013-09-23 Median :3 Mode :character Median :623.3 Median :2014-05-11 Mean :3 Mean :664.4 Mean :2014-01-14 3rd Qu.:4 3rd Qu.:729.0 3rd Qu.:2014-11-15 Max. :5 Max. :843.2 Max. :2015-03-27
从数据框中提取数据
使用列名从数据框中提取特定列.
# Create the data frame.emp.data <- data.frame( emp_id = c (1:5), emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"), salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01","2013-09-23","2014-11-15","2014-05-11", "2015-03-27")), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)# Extract Specific columns.result <- data.frame(emp.data$emp_name,emp.data$salary)print(result)
当我们执行上面的代码时,它产生以下结果 :
emp.data.emp_name emp.data.salary1 Rick 623.302 Dan 515.203 Michelle 611.004 Ryan 729.005 Gary 843.25
提取前两行,然后是所有列
# Create the data frame.emp.data <- data.frame( emp_id = c (1:5), emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"), salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11", "2015-03-27")), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)# Extract first two rows.result <- emp.data[1:2,]print(result)
当我们执行上面的代码时,它产生以下结果 :
emp_id emp_name salary start_date1 1 Rick 623.3 2012-01-012 2 Dan 515.2 2013-09-23
提取3 rd 和5 th 行2 nd 和4 th 列
# Create the data frame.emp.data <- data.frame( emp_id = c (1:5), emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"), salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11", "2015-03-27")), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)# Extract 3rd and 5th row with 2nd and 4th column.result <- emp.data[c(3,5),c(2,4)]print(result)
当我们执行上面的代码时,它产生以下结果 :
emp_name start_date3 Michelle 2014-11-155 Gary 2015-03-27
展开数据框
数据框可以通过以下方式展开添加列和行.
添加列
只需使用新列名添加列向量.
# Create the data frame.emp.data <- data.frame( emp_id = c (1:5), emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"), salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11", "2015-03-27")), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)# Add the "dept" coulmn.emp.data$dept <- c("IT","Operations","IT","HR","Finance")v <- emp.dataprint(v)
当我们执行上面的代码时,它产生以下结果 :
emp_id emp_name salary start_date dept1 1 Rick 623.30 2012-01-01 IT2 2 Dan 515.20 2013-09-23 Operations3 3 Michelle 611.00 2014-11-15 IT4 4 Ryan 729.00 2014-05-11 HR5 5 Gary 843.25 2015-03-27 Finance
Add Row
要永久地向现有数据框添加更多行,我们需要在与现有数据框相同的结构中引入新行,并使用 rbind() function.
在下面的例子中,我们创建一个包含新行的数据帧,并将其与现有数据帧合并以创建最终数据帧.
# Create the first data frame.emp.data <- data.frame( emp_id = c (1:5), emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"), salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11", "2015-03-27")), dept = c("IT","Operations","IT","HR","Finance"), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)# Create the second data frameemp.newdata <- data.frame( emp_id = c (6:8), emp_name = c("Rasmi","Pranab","Tusar"), salary = c(578.0,722.5,632.8), start_date = as.Date(c("2013-05-21","2013-07-30","2014-06-17")), dept = c("IT","Operations","Fianance"), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)# Bind the two data frames.emp.finaldata <- rbind(emp.data,emp.newdata)print(emp.finaldata)
当我们执行上面的代码,它产生以下结果 :
emp_id emp_name salary start_date dept1 1 Rick 623.30 2012-01-01 IT2 2 Dan 515.20 2013-09-23 Operations3 3 Michelle 611.00 2014-11-15 IT4 4 Ryan 729.00 2014-05-11 HR5 5 Gary 843.25 2015-03-27 Finance6 6 Rasmi 578.00 2013-05-21 IT7 7 Pranab 722.50 2013-07-30 Operations8 8 Tusar 632.80 2014-06-17 Fianance