向量是最基本的R数据对象，有六种类型的原子向量.它们是逻辑，整数，双精度，复数，字符和原始.
矢量创建
单元素矢量
即使只在R中写入一个值，它也会变成长度为1的向量，属于上述向量类型之一.
# Atomic vector of type character.print("abc");# Atomic vector of type double.print(12.5)# Atomic vector of type integer.print(63L)# Atomic vector of type logical.print(TRUE)# Atomic vector of type complex.print(2+3i)# Atomic vector of type raw.print(charToRaw('hello'))当我们执行上面的代码时，它产生以下结果 :
[1] "abc"[1] 12.5[1] 63[1] TRUE[1] 2+3i[1] 68 65 6c 6c 6f
多元素向量
对数字数据使用冒号运算符
# Creating a sequence from 5 to 13.v <- 5:13print(v)# Creating a sequence from 6.6 to 12.6.v <- 6.6:12.6print(v)# If the final element specified does not belong to the sequence then it is discarded.v <- 3.8:11.4print(v)
当我们执行上面的代码时，它产生以下结果 :
[1] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13[1] 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.6[1] 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.8
使用序列(Seq.)运算符
# Create vector with elements from 5 to 9 incrementing by 0.4.print(seq(5, 9, by = 0.4))
当我们执行上面的代码时，它产生以下结果 :
[1] 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.4 7.8 8.2 8.6 9.0
使用c()函数
如果其中一个元素是一个字符，非字符值将被强制转换为字符类型.
# The logical and numeric values are converted to characters.s <- c('apple','red',5,TRUE)print(s)执行时上面的代码，它产生以下结果 :
[1]"apple""red""5""TRUE"
访问向量元素
使用索引访问向量的元素. []括号用于索引.索引从位置1开始.在索引中给出一个负值会从结果中删除该元素. TRUE ， FALSE 或 0 和 1 也可以用于索引.
# Accessing vector elements using position.t <- c("Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thurs","Fri","Sat")u <- t[c(2,3,6)]print(u)# Accessing vector elements using logical indexing.v <- t[c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,TRUE,FALSE)]print(v)# Accessing vector elements using negative indexing.x <- t[c(-2,-5)]print(x)# Accessing vector elements using 0/1 indexing.y <- t[c(0,0,0,0,0,0,1)]print(y)当我们执行上面的代码时，它产生以下结果 :
[1] "Mon" "Tue" "Fri"[1] "Sun" "Fri"[1] "Sun" "Tue" "Wed" "Fri" "Sat"[1] "Sun"
向量操作
向量算术
可以添加，减去两个相同长度的向量，相乘或者将结果作为矢量输出给出.
# Create two vectors.v1 <- c(3,8,4,5,0,11)v2 <- c(4,11,0,8,1,2)# Vector addition.add.result <- v1+v2print(add.result)# Vector subtraction.sub.result <- v1-v2print(sub.result)# Vector multiplication.multi.result <- v1*v2print(multi.result)# Vector division.divi.result <- v1/v2print(divi.result)
当我们执行上面的代码时，它会产生以下结果 :
[1] 7 19 4 13 1 13[1] -1 -3 4 -3 -1 9[1] 12 88 0 40 0 22[1] 0.7500000 0.7272727 Inf 0.6250000 0.0000000 5.5000000
向量元素回收
如果我们将算术运算应用于两个长度不等的向量，那么较短向量的元素将被循环以完成操作.
v1 <- c(3,8,4,5,0,11)v2 <- c(4,11)# V2 becomes c(4,11,4,11,4,11)add.result <- v1+v2print(add.result)sub.result <- v1-v2print(sub.result)
当我们执行上面的代码时，它产生以下结果 :
[1] 7 19 8 16 4 22[1] -1 -3 0 -6 -4 0
向量元素排序
向量中的元素可以使用 sort()
v <- c(3,8,4,5,0,11, -9, 304)# Sort the elements of the vector.sort.result <- sort(v)print(sort.result)# Sort the elements in the reverse order.revsort.result <- sort(v, decreasing = TRUE)print(revsort.result)# Sorting character vectors.v <- c("Red","Blue","yellow","violet")sort.result <- sort(v)print(sort.result)# Sorting character vectors in reverse order.revsort.result <- sort(v, decreasing = TRUE)print(revsort.result)当我们执行在上面的代码中，它产生以下结果 :
[1] -9 0 3 4 5 8 11 304[1] 304 11 8 5 4 3 0 -9[1] "Blue" "Red" "violet" "yellow"[1] "yellow" "violet" "Red" "Blue"